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Your doctor has told you that need to undergo shoulder replacement surgery. But what does that actually mean?

As you move your arm, the ball-shaped end of the upper arm, or humerus, moves against a cup-like depression in shoulder bone, or scapula.
As long as the upper arm can slide against the shoulder, you are able to move your arm comfortably. But over time, especially in patients who suffer from arthritis, the shoulder joint can wear down. Medical Malpractice

Cartilage, the tissue that cushions the bones and makes it possible for them to move smoothly against each other can wear away.

When this happens, the bones run together, causing pain and restricting arm movement. No matter what the cause, one of the most effective ways to fix a damaged shoulder is to replace it surgically.

In this procedure, the ball-shaped bone at the top of the upper arm is removed …
… and replaced with a metal substitute. Medical Malpractice

The shoulder socket is widened and lined with a smooth pad that allows the metal ball joint to move more freely against the shoulder blade.
Shoulder replacement surgery is a major operation, but your doctor believes that the procedure — followed up with physical therapy and time to heal — will result in reduced pain and greater mobility.

So make sure that you ask your doctor to carefully explain the reasons behind this recommendation. Medical Malpractice

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Your doctor has recommended that you undergo a Dilation and Curettage, or D and C. But what does that actually mean?

The uterus is part of a woman’s reproductive system. It’s the organ that contains the growing fetus.

The cervix forms the neck of the uterus,
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and the vagina is the canal through which conception and birth take place.

The endometrium is a soft lining that protects the fetus during pregnancy.

Reasons for having a D and C vary. Most D and C’s are performed because the patient has complained of unusually heavy menstrual bleeding.
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Other common problems include, uterine infection, bleeding after sexual intercourse, incomplete miscarriage

or the presence of polyps – small pieces of extra tissue growing on the inside of the uterine wall.

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Then the surgeon will use a gloved hand to conduct a vaginal examination and will check the size and location of the uterus by pressing on your lower abdomen.
A metal or plastic vaginal speculum is used to gently expand the vagina and allow access to the cervix.
Once the cervix is visible, a forcep is used to grasp the front lip of the cervix – causing the uterus to open a little.
Using a blunt-tipped probe, the surgeon carefully measures the length of the uterus and takes a small sample of tissue from the cervical canal.
Next, the surgeon will dilate, or open the cervix, using a series of progressively larger metal rods called dilators.
When the cervix has expanded sufficiently, the doctor will use a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette to gently scrape out the lining of the uterus. In some cases, surge
When the entire lining of the uterus has been removed, the instruments are withdrawn.
The tissue removed will then be sent to a laboratory for analysis.

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Your doctor has recommended that you undergo a balloon angioplasty. But what does that actually mean?

The heart is located in the center of the chest. It’s job is to keep blood continually circulating throughout the body.
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The blood vessels that supply the body with oxygen-rich blood are called arteries.

The arteries that supplies blood to the heart muscle itself are called coronary arteries.

Sometimes, these blood vessels can narrow or become blocked by plaque deposits, restricting normal blood flow.
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In simple terms, a balloon angioplasty is a procedure used to increase the amount of blood flowing through the coronary artery.

During a balloon angioplasty, a heart specialist will insert a thin tube into an artery in your arm or leg and gently guide it towards the problem area in your heart.
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Once the tube is in place, a small balloon is briefly inflated in order to widen the narrowed artery.

During and after the procedure, your doctor will take x-rays in order to monitor your progress.

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After allowing a few minutes for the anesthetic to take effect, the surgeon will make a shallow incision 3-5 inches in length, directly over the hernia.
The next incision dissects through the inguinal canal itself and reveals the hernia sack, which is simply the peritoneum that lines the inside of the abdomen.
The surgeon gently pushes the contents of the sack back into the abdomen.
Next, the opening at the neck of the peritoneum is tied and the hernia sac is removed.
The inguinal canal itself is closed with sutures. These dissolve over time and do not need to be removed. Any defect or weakness in the muscle tissue needs to be repaired in order to reduce the risk of reoccurrence.Malpractice Medical
Occasionally, the surgeon will use a mesh patch to help reinforce this area
Then the muscle layers and other tissues are sewn together and the skin is closed with sutures or staples.
Finally, a sterile dressing is applied.
Patient Education

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Your doctor has recommended that you undergo surgery to treat reflux disease. But what does that actually mean?

Your diaphragm is a muscle that separates your chest from your abdomen and helps you to breathe. Normally, the diaphragm has an opening for the esophagus to pass through where it connects with the stomach.
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At this point, the ring-like layer of muscle which acts as a one-way valve sometimes becomes lax.

When you have reflux disease, the weakened muscle allows the contents of your stomach to back up into your esophagus.

This can cause considerable discomfort, often worse at night, with symptoms like heartburn, difficulty swallowing, chest pain and belching.
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Reflux disease is often caused by a hiatal hernia, pregnancy, an ulcer or tumor of the esophagus.

About half of the patients with severe Reflux Disease often have a hiatal hernia, which is a tear in the diaphragm.

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Then, when you are asleep, the surgical team will make an incision over the hip and along the thigh.
The team will pull the skin aside to reveal the muscle tissue below.
They’ll then make another incision to reveal the hip joint.
Next, the team pulls the top of the thighbone…
… out of the hip socket.
Using a precision surgical saw,
your doctor will carefully remove the ball-shaped end of the thighbone. medical malpractice
Then, the surgical team will use a high-speed drill to hollow out the top of the thighbone.
A specially fitted artificial ball joint slides into the top of the thighbone.
Next, your doctor will smooth the inner surface of the hip socket.
Once the socket has been thoroughly cleaned, the artificial lining will be secured in place with special screws. Medical Malpractice
The artificial ball joint is turned inward and fit into the socket.
The team carefully checks to make sure that it fits and allows the full range of normal motion.
Muscle and other tissues are closed over the joint using dissolvable stitches. A temporary draining tube may be added. Medical Malpractice
Finally, the skin is closed with sutures…
… and protected with sterilized strips.

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Now it’s time to talk about the actual procedure your doctor has recommended for you.
On the day of your operation, you will be asked to put on a surgical gown.
You may receive a sedative by mouth …
… and an intravenous line may be put in. Medical Malpractice
You will then be transferred to the operating table.
In the operating room, a nurse will prepare by clipping or shaving skin around your hip and thigh.
The anesthesiologist will begin to administer anesthesia – probably general anesthesia by injection and inhalation mask.
The surgeon will then apply antiseptic solution to the skin …
… and place a sterile drape around the operative site.

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Your doctor has recommended that you undergo surgery to repair a hiatal hernia. But what does that actually mean?

Your diaphragm is a muscle that separates your chest from you abdomen and helps you to breathe. Normally, the diaphragm has an opening for the esophagus to pass through where it connects with the stomach.
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A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach

pushes upward through this small opening.

Your hiatal hernia may be causing considerable discomfort, with symptoms like heartburn, difficulty swallowing, chest pain and belching.
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The reasons why hiatal hernias form are not known, but they are quite common. A Hernia is dangerous only if it becomes strangulated. That means that the portion of the stomach that has pushed up into the chest may become pinched – preventing blood from reaching it.

If this happens, you may require emergency surgery to restore blood flow and to repair hernia.

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Gallbladder Laparoscopic Hassan Trocar Surgery bile Sutures liver

The gallbladder is a small organ located below the liver. It’s function is to store bile used by the instestines to digest food.

Gallstones – small calcified deposits – sometimes form and block the bile ducts which lead from the gallbladder to the intestines.
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In many cases, the problem becomes so severe, that the only effective treatment is to remove the entire gallbladder.

This is the most common reason for gallbladder surgery.

Then, after you’re asleep, your doctor will make a small, vertical incision in your navel.

Using a pair of small retractors, the surgeon will gently open the incision and divide the exposed tissues.
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Sutures resembling a purse string are placed in the skin around the navel.

Next, a special instrument called a Hassan Trocar is inserted through the opening in the navel.

The purse string sutures are pulled, causing the skin to tighten around the instrument. This creates an airtight seal.

The team then connects the Trocar to a small hose …

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